1.Carbon rings fitted in segments around the shaft and held together by garter or retainer springs.

2.Labyrinth mated with shaft serration’s or shaft seal strips.

3.Water seals where a shaft runner acts as a pump to create a ring of water around the shaft. Use only treated water to avoid shaft pitting.

4.Stuffing box using woven or soft packing rings that are compressed with agland to prevent leakage along the shaft.